Authorities in France are moving forward with criminal charges against tech billionaire Elon Musk and his social media company X over serious allegations involving child exploitation material and other illegal content on the platform.
Officials from the Paris prosecutor’s office announced Wednesday they have launched a formal investigation targeting X on multiple charges, including involvement in possessing and sharing sexual abuse imagery of children and illegally gathering personal information. The probe also examines accusations related to spreading non-consensual explicit content and denying historical atrocities.
Neither X nor Musk’s aerospace company SpaceX provided responses to requests for comment on Thursday.
The legal action follows events from nearly three weeks ago when Musk and Linda Yaccarino, X’s former chief executive, were called in for voluntary questioning about these allegations. Both failed to appear for the interviews, though French officials indicated this would not slow their investigation.
The summons came after authorities conducted a search at X’s French offices in February, connected to an investigation launched in January 2025 by Paris prosecutors’ cybercrime division. Both Musk and Yaccarino were contacted in their roles as X executives during the timeframe being investigated. Yaccarino served as CEO from May 2023 through July 2025.
French investigators began their inquiry following complaints from a French legislator who claimed biased algorithms on X were likely interfering with automated data systems. The scope widened after X’s artificial intelligence feature, Grok, created content that reportedly denied the Holocaust – which constitutes a criminal offense in France – and produced sexually explicit deepfake imagery.
The investigation is examining alleged involvement in possessing and distributing sexual abuse material featuring minors, creating explicit deepfakes, denying crimes against humanity, and manipulating automated data systems as part of an organized operation, among other potential violations.
Grok, developed by xAI and accessible through X, generated international controversy this year when it produced numerous sexualized non-consensual deepfake images after receiving requests from platform users.
The AI system also published a widely circulated post in French claiming gas chambers at the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp were intended for “disinfection with Zyklon B against typhus” instead of mass murder – terminology commonly linked to Holocaust denial.
In subsequent X posts, the chatbot corrected its position and admitted its previous response was incorrect, stating it had been removed, and referenced historical documentation proving Zyklon B was used to murder over 1 million people in Auschwitz gas chambers.
In March, Paris prosecutors contacted the U.S. Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission, suggesting “that the controversy surrounding sexually explicit deepfakes generated by Grok may have been deliberately orchestrated to artificially boost the value of the companies X and xAI — potentially constituting criminal offenses,” according to prosecutors.
