A groundbreaking new study reveals that approximately 4,400 fewer American teenagers and young adults lost their lives to suicide than researchers anticipated during the initial two-and-a-half years following the introduction of the 988 mental health crisis hotline, indicating the program’s effectiveness despite ongoing funding concerns.
According to research published Wednesday in JAMA, suicide fatalities among individuals aged 15 to 23 dropped 11% below projected numbers from July 2022 — when the crisis line began operations — through December 2024.
“The 988 program is one of the largest federal investments in suicide prevention in U.S. history — roughly $1.5 billion cumulative — and our findings suggest that investment has translated into measurable reductions in young adult suicide deaths,” said Dr. Vishal Patel, a clinical fellow at Harvard Medical School and the paper’s lead author.
To conduct their analysis, researchers examined nationwide death certificate data spanning from 1999 to 2022 to create projections for suicide mortality rates had the 988 hotline never been established. These estimates were then measured against actual death statistics.
While researchers acknowledge they cannot definitively attribute the decrease solely to the 988 service, and overall U.S. suicide rates have generally declined, they conducted multiple comparative analyses to validate their conclusions, Patel explained.
Their investigation revealed that the ten states experiencing the most significant increases in call volume after 988’s debut also demonstrated substantially larger differences between projected and actual suicide deaths. The reductions were more pronounced among younger demographics compared to individuals over 65, who utilize the service less frequently. Additionally, no comparable changes were observed in England, which lacked a similar hotline during the research timeframe.
These findings align with earlier research studies.
“Studies show that after speaking with a trained crisis counselor, most people who contact the 988 Lifeline are significantly more likely to feel less depressed, less suicidal, less overwhelmed and more hopeful,” a spokesperson for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which funds the hotline, said in response to the study.
Jill Harkavy-Friedman, who directs the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention’s research program and was not part of the study, described the findings as “very heartening and very positive.” While she hopes to see additional research confirming these results, she praised the authors for conducting a “great deal of work” to eliminate other potential factors contributing to the decline.
The comprehensive mental health system plays a crucial role in reducing suicide rates, Harkavy-Friedman emphasized. The 988 hotline’s ability to guide users through this system, assist with safety planning, connect callers to local crisis intervention teams, and provide referrals for extended care has resulted in “extraordinary” outcomes, she noted. Having immediate access to support during a crisis moment can also prove life-saving.
“That is the strength of the crisis line,” Harkavy-Friedman said. “When you call, it de-escalates the crisis so the person has greater capacity to address whatever it is that’s driving their emotions at the moment.”
Mental health experts emphasize that the current combination of federal and state funding for call centers remains inadequate to address the actual level of demand.
Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s federal budget proposal maintains consistent 988 funding at $534.6 million for fiscal year 2027, anticipating 11 million contacts during the coming year.
While the hotline “is not a panacea for preventing suicide death,” the number of lives it has preserved “is a really big deal and underscores the need for sustained investment in 988 from federal, and especially state, lawmakers,” said Jonathan Purtle, a New York University mental health policy researcher.
During a Capitol Hill hearing Tuesday, Sen. Tammy Baldwin urged Kennedy to fulfill a “legal requirement” to reinstate 988’s specialized line for LGBTQ+ youth. The administration suddenly terminated the program last summer, despite research showing this population experiences disproportionately elevated suicide rates.
“Yes, we are working on getting it up now,” Kennedy responded to the Wisconsin Democrat. Representatives from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services did not immediately provide The Associated Press with a timeline or specifics regarding the restoration.
Patel emphasized that specialized services for high-risk populations — including the LGBTQ+ line — are essential components of the program’s success.
“Our findings should be read as evidence that this is a program worth preserving and expanding, not one to scale back,” he said.
EDITOR’S NOTE: This story discusses suicide. If you or someone you know needs help, the national suicide and crisis lifeline is available by calling or texting 988.
